![]() ![]() With circles gradually overlapping more and more (step 3), we predicted that the lifting movement would diminish and eventually disappear, resulting in generation of a continuous, sweeping movement. Reinforcement is delivered when all circles have been touched. The subject then lifts the finger and presses the next circle, and so on. At first the subject presses an open circle, and it turns into a blue disk to provide visual feedback and leave a trace on the monitor in the form of electronic ink. The rationale of the early training is illustrated in Figure 1B. Each training step had four types of trials, based on the orientation of the stimulus pattern, as indicated for step 2 in Figure 1A. First, several nonoverlapping circles were presented in a linear pattern, and the subject had to press the circles from top to bottom or from right to left (steps 1 and 2). On each trial, the monitor presented a stimulus pattern. Each step consisted of several sessions, and each session consisted of several trials. Figure 1A illustrates the steps of training. ![]() Visually guided drawing in the chimpanzee Subjects faced a touch-sensitive monitor that displayed visual stimuli. UK and 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Published by Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 108 Cowiey Road, Oxford OX4 1JF. 0 1996 Japanese Psychological Association. We also thank the two research partners, Ai and Pendesa. We thank the following people for their assistance: M. 05044006, 06260222, and 07102010) to Matsuzawa and a Visiting Research Scholarship to Iversen. ' The present study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education. Because it is new, the training method is outlined in general here and in more detail under Method. Here we briefly describe some highlights of an automated training method of electronic finger painting that established accurate visual guidance of free drawing in two adult female chimpanzees Our approach is based on principles of behavior shaping by successive approximation (e.g., Eckerman, Hienz, Stem, & Kowlowitz, 1980, Gleeson, 1991) and methods of moment-tomoment behavior analysis (Iversen, 1991). No previous study has demonstrated that an ape can be taught to draw reliably in a controlled manner. Captive apes are known to draw with markers or paint brushes However, the drawings are mere scribbles, with only occasional evidence of visually guided drawing (Boysen, Bemtson, & Prentice, 1987 Morris, 1962 Schiller, 1951 Smith, 1973). Key words: chimpanzee, drawing, electronic finger painting, successive approximation, behavior shaping. Our results provide clear evidence that with training the chimpanzee is capable of structured drawing guided by visual commands. The fully automated training and recording methods generated highly accurate drawing behavior that could be measured quantitatively. The subjects were not drawing by tracking a moving object but were truly free drawing. Thereby the dot orientations guided the drawing. Each subject drew a line connecting the dots by placing a finger on one dot and moving the finger, without lifting, to the next dot. After smooth drawing was established, two small dots, 12 cm apart, appeared on the monitor in different orientations. As the circles were moved closer and overlapped, the subjects began to connect them without lifting the finger. Drawing was taught in several steps, beginning with pressing separate small circles one at a time. Because a touch instantaneously generated electronic ink in the form of a graphic symbol at the touched location, movement of the finger over the monitor surface produced a visible trace. Subjects faced a touch-sensitive monitor. Visually guided drawing in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) Visually guided drawing in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes )Ībstract: Two captive, female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were taught to draw straight lines with a method of electronic finger painting.
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